Developmental Apraxia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments Essay

Apraxia of speech is a neurological condition in which a person finds it impossible to move their mouth or tongue to speak (Apraxia, 2005). There are two main types of apraxia; they are acquired apraxia of speech and developmental apraxia of speech (Apraxia of Speech, 2002). This paper is about Developmental Apraxia of Speech, its symptoms, causes, and appropriate treatments. Developmental apraxia of speech is also called childhood apraxia of speech, because it is present from birth (2002). There are many symptoms of developmental apraxia, and each child may have different symptoms (Childhood, 1997). Some symptoms of very young children include problems eating, not cooing as an infant, late first words, problems combining sounds, and deleting difficult sounds and replacing them with easier ones more often than normal children (1997). In older children, symptoms can include making inconsistent sound errors, understanding of language better than their ability to talk, difficulty imitating speech, difficulty saying long phrases or words clearly, difficulty for others to understand their speech, and speech which sounds choppy or monotonous (1997). Other symptoms may include delayed language development, word order confusion, word recall issues, difficult fine motor development and coordination, over sensitivity or under sensitivity of the mouth, and trouble reading, writing, and spelling (1997). Because there are so many possible symptoms of developmental apraxia, it is important to have children evaluated by a professional to rule out other causes of speech problems (1997). Developmental apraxia is believed by many researchers to be a neurologically based speech-motor disorder, but exact causes have not been isolated (Causes of Apraxia, 2010). Researcher’s studies have not shown a difference or abnormalities in the brains of children with developmental apraxia (2002). Children with developmental apraxia often have family members with learning disabilities or communication disorders (2002). Researchers continue to conduct studies to find any brain abnormalities and genetic factors which may cause developmental apraxia (2005). Speech language therapy is used for treating developmental apraxia. Intensive intervention which begins early is best for children with this disorder (Lederman, 2012). In the beginning, children should have treatment 3-5 times per week (1997). Children diagnosed with developmental apraxia show improvement more quickly when they receive treatment individually (1997). Speech language therapy for children with developmental apraxia differs from the therapy of children with other language disorders (2012). Treatment is based on the principles of motor learning, including repetition to establish and develop motor plans, practice opportunities to maintain learned patterns, use of relevant words and phrases, increased sensory feedback, and work on sound and word sequences (2012). There are still many things to learn about developmental apraxia, and studies regarding causes and treatments are still ongoing (2002). There is also research being done to find more specific criteria to identify and diagnose developmental apraxia and to distinguish it from other communication disorders (2002). References American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Childhood Apraxia of Speech (1997). www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhoodapraxia.htm Lederman, D. (2012). Speech Language Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. www.donnalederman.com/disorder-types/apraxia-of-speech.php National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Apraxia of Speech (2002). www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/apraxia.aspx University of Rochester Medical Center. Causes of Apraxia (2010). www.urmc.rochester. edu/speech-pathology/speech-language-disorders/apraxia/causes-apraxia.cfm Web MD. Apraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments (2005). www.webmd.com/ Brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments

Aldi Hr

Introduction ALDI is a global food retailer. Since opening its first store in 1913, Aldi has established itself as a reputable retailer operating in international markets including Germany, Australia and the U. S. Aldi has over 7,000 stores worldwide. What distinguishes Aldi from its competitors is its competitive pricing strategy without reducing the quality of its products. In fact, in some cases Aldi’s products are 30% cheaper than those offered by its competitors. Aldi can do this because the business operates so efficiently. The Times Case Studies, 2011) ALDI and HR Aldi has a very flat organisational structure. In the UK it is split into 5 regions (there are 62 internationally); each region operates individually, only sharing the purchasing function. Each region has 5 departments, and there are only 3 levels between the Store Assistants and the Managing Director of the Region. Organisational Structure Noticeably, there is no IT, Marketing or HR function in the structure. IT and Marketing are both outsourced to third parties.IT are called on as and when needed by whichever department needs them at the time, whether it be till maintenance, or maintaining the logistics software package. Marketing is outsourced to a company in Atherstone, and their link in the organisation is the Trading function. HR is stripped back within ALDI, and is headed by 2 HR Managers in the Store Operations Function. All area managers within ALDI are trained in HR, and deal with all personnel issues, from Recruitment, to performance management and Training and Development.The HR managers in Head Office purely focus on making sure the Area Managers are up to date with new legislation and policies. ALDI adopt a grandfather technique, where, store managers have little to do with HR. It is their job to focus on the store, and deal with staff rotas and minor issues. This way, store employees report to their line manager for operational issues, and the Area Manager for HR issues. T he only HR issue not practised by Area Managers is Payroll, which falls into the Finance Function.ALDI is extremely focused on productivity and efficiency, and because of this, the Neston Region in the UK is trialling using a HR Agency (Kinetic), to manage a major amount of its HR function. The agency takes care of Recruitment, Induction, Payroll, Development, Performance Management, and acts as a HR Manager for the agency staff within ALDI. ALDI intend to get to a point where 70% of store staff is through an agency, with exception to Store Managers, Assistant Managers, Deputies and Full Time Staff. This saves money as it takes a lot of responsibility off Area Managers, leaving them with more time to focus on operations.According to Righeimer (Date Unknown, p. 4), most organizations view the department of Human Resources (HR) as an administrative function and ignore the need and opportunity to align it with its strategic plans. Aligning HR and strategic plans is an important endeavo ur for every organisation. Studies strongly support the alignment between strategies, HR, and performance and thus show the potential role HR can play in implementing strategy and developing an organisation’s competitive advantage. How HR activities support the organisations strategyRecruitment and Selection, Performance Management, and Training and Development are three HR activities that support the organisations strategy. (Hameed, 2011) Recruitment and Selection According to ALDI’s strategy (2012), â€Å"We want every ALDI employee to have a rewarding career, with opportunities to grow and develop, whether they work in our stores, distribution centres or management teams. We expect our people to be committed, hard-working and take ownership of their responsibilities. In return, we provide salaries that are considerably above the rest of the industry. The recruitment and selection activity supports this by ensuring the right people are hired first time. It is vital to find committed, hardworking people, who have a pride in their work and take responsibility for their success and mistakes. Productivity, quality and service are three of ALDI’s focuses, so HR’s ability to attract and select people with the right knowledge, skills and attitude is vital. As it is down for the most part to the Area Manager to fulfil this HR role, it is vital they have the skills to recognise the right sort of employee who would fit in the business.The major disadvantage of using the agencies, as currently being trialled, is that the agencies do not work in the stores, and are an outsider to the culture and work ethic of ALDI. For that reason, the Area Managers should have complete control, as they know what sort of person they need, how to motivate them, and exactly what is expected with ALDI’s culture. Performance Management â€Å"We have developed a range of high quality, structured training programmes to enable our employees to fulfil their roles successfully.ALDI Managers have a responsibility to develop and motivate employees, rewarding excellent performance and continuous improvement. † (ALDI, 2012) A HR activity that is also performed in part by Area Managers is performance management. As Area Managers spend a lot of time in stores, they can see the productivity of staff, who is excelling and who needs a little motivation. The store manager reports performance to them also, so they get a complete picture. The agencies receive reports from the Store Managers, only if something is not working out.The agencies manage the performance of their employees, but do not really focus on opportunities or continuous improvement, as they do not have the power in store to do so. Likewise, store managers and Area Managers do not focus on the agencies employees, as technically they are not their own. If this was fully down to the Area Managers again, and Store Managers were given a greater role, staff could be managed better. Stand out performers could be recognised better, and future progression would be a benefit.Also, employees would be more engaged and productive with a clear structure and with everyone being part of the same â€Å"team†, no â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† as such. Training â€Å"We want to attract the best talent and ours are among the highest advertised starting salaries for graduates in the UK and Ireland. Over 85% of our Directors are recruited from within the company, demonstrating the importance we place on training and development and rewarding performance. † (ALDI, 2012) The Training and Development aspect of HR is focused highly on, within ALDI. There is constant training available and succession plans in place for most stores.Deputies are trained to do the Assistant Managers job in case of Sickness, Pregnancy or Resignation of the latter, and likewise with the Assistant Managers, they are trained to do the Store Managers Role. Store Assistants are enc ouraged to progress to Deputies based on performance. Training and Development is also evident throughout Head Office. Area Managers are only recruited through Graduate Schemes, and Directors are successful Area Managers. 85% of the Directors were Area Managers, whereas the other 15% are either from international ALDI head offices, or â€Å"born into it†, i. e. the Albrieght family.The obvious disadvantage with the Agency is that they have no say or decision in regards to Training. As its employees are employed by them and not ALDI, they do not have access to the same training and development. How HR Professionals support line managers and their Staff With a 2006 ASTD study finding that 70% of training failure happens after the formal training finishes and a recent CIPD study finding that only 12% of employees feel that line managers take learning and development very seriously, it’s a little surprising that more is not being done to gain line manager support in the de velopment process. Peterson, 2006) The role of the line managers has changed over the last twenty years.There is a widespread drive to give line managers more responsibility for the management of their staff and to reduce the extent to which human resource departments control or restrict line management autonomy in this area (Brewster & Larson, 2000). HR professionals no longer have sole responsibility for the management of people, but share this responsibility with line managers. There is evidence that HR responsibilities are increasingly decentralized nd devolved to line managers (Cunningham & Hyman, 1995). In ALDI, Cunningham and Hyman’s point (1995) that responsibility is shared is correct, if not more centred toward the line manager rather than a 50/50 split. This is probably due to the amount of time passed since their original comment. It is interesting that what they originally said nearly 20 years ago still applies, giving the impression that the HR function has been under fire for quite some time, yet is still here in a pretty similar form in most companies.The line manager in terms of ALDI would be the Area Manager and the HR Professionals for the Area Manager. With the Agency staff, their line manager for HR would be their external agency manager. HR professionals in ALDI support the line managers by providing updated regulations, policies and visions down, to be implemented further down. The obvious benefit of Line Managers taking a front line role in HR, is that they know the staff better. HR Professionals in Head Office do not work with the store employees and do not know about performance or what motivates each individual.The CIPD states that where employees feel positive about their relationship with their front line managers, moreover, they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty – which are in turn associated with higher levels of performance or discretionary behaviour. (CIPD, 2 012) As the HR professionals have empowered the Line managers as such, it improves employee engagement. Talent can be spotted, managed and trained, and with the right people in the right jobs, the team’s works better together and is more productive.Consistency is an issue that can arise when different Line Managers have different attitudes and ways of working. This is when support from HR is vital as they can provide guidelines and policies that ensure the message across the company is consistent. With the agency, it does mean that the message HR is sending out, is not necessarily what the agency is doing / preaching. This is another shortfall in the HR process when it comes to agency working. If Area Managers had complete control and there was no agency, then the message would be consistent across the board.Conclusion and Recommendations It is evident that HR takes a simple yet complex form in ALDI. Although it is missing from the organisational structure, it is practiced in part by at least 46 Area Managers. There is a big emphasis on Training and Development throughout the company, and HR activities are being used for succession planning and finding the next generation of ALDI AM’s and Directors. The use of the agency seems to be slightly detrimental to ALDI’s message, and outsourcing the HR like it is, will cause confusion, and splits in the teams.They need to revert to AM as the main HR leader within the Area and only use agencies at times such as Christmas for relief workers etc. As AM know better than any agency, the staff recruited and selected will more than likely be more productive and fit the company better. Also, there may be an issue with succession planning if their aim of outsourcing most staff jobs out is achieved. It would seem that they would hire the people themselves, after trialling them with the agency, so why not just hire directly anyway.The overall finding however, is that HR must remain in the company, and be man aged as it once was. Eliminating the HR function more so than now, will cause major problems, and those problems are starting to arise now. If HR wasn’t managed at Head Office, then inconsistent practices would be followed out, creating discomfort within the stores and the ALDI mantra of Team working would be lost.Works Cited ALDI, 2012. CSR – Our People. [Online] Available at: http://www. aldi. co. uk/uk/html/company/15435_25201. tm [Accessed 06 11 2012]. Brewster, C. & Larson, H. , 2000. Human Resource Management in Europe. London: Blackwells. CIPD, 2012. Role of Line Managers In HR. [Online] Available at: http://www. cipd. co. uk/hr-resources/factsheets/role-line-managers-hr. aspx [Accessed 06 11 2012]. Cunningham, I. & Hyman, J. , 1995. Transforming the HRM vision into Reality: The Role of Line Managers. Employee Relations, 17(8), pp. 5-20. Hameed, T. , 2011. Organisation Strategy and Human Reosurce. [Online] Available at: http://www. rutilities. com/2011/0 9/organization-strategy-and-human-resource/ [Accessed 06 11 2012]. Peterson, E. , 2006. Employee Relations. 2nd ed. Chicago: Hardwell Press. Righeimer, J. P. , Date Unknown. Aligning Human Resources and Strategic Plans, London: Maverick Electric. The Times Case Studies, 2011. Aldi – Competitive Advantage through Efficiency. [Online] Available at: http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/aldi/competitive-advantage-through-efficiency/introduction. html#ixzz2CEnCsFmq [Accessed 06 11 2012].

Adolescents On-line

As technology give way to broader telecommunication options, a new form of social community was formed. The Cyber Community has been one of the most intriguing forms of contemporary society and adolescents welcomed it willingly.Today’s adolescents are vicariously participating in online social networks. According to the research made by Wolak and colleague, out of 246 individuals who engaged in close online relationships about 145 do not see each other face to face. Thus, it can be surmised that face to face relationships are not anymore a factor that affects relationships between two persons.Conventional friendships signifies personal contact which is absent in on-line relationships. Nonetheless, both relationships exist so as to provide comfort and help to participants. However, in on-line relationships, the level of trust and confidence is usually lower. While some people see on line relationships to be a way to escape reality, others view this sort of relationship as helpf ul in identifying real personality and attitude.Adolescents use online networking to communicate both with their online friends and offline friends as well. They can also send messages and express themselves more freely and at most times most effectively. Several online games which are predominantly role-playing games in character also extend adolescents capacity to interact with other people.Negotiating and solving conflicts are highlighted in this kind of virtual social community. It also through different virtual social networks that teenagers can gather information about certain areas of interest and views, this is a feature that can be found in forums and blogs.References:Subrahmanyam, K. and Greenfield, P. (2008). Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships. Volume 18 No. 1. Retrieved on October 18, 2008 from www.futureofchildren.orgWolak, J., Mitchell, KJ. And Finkelhor, D. (2002) Close Online Relationships ina National Sample of Adolescents. Retrieved on October 18, 20 08 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_147_37/ai_94598385/pg_

Media history research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media history research paper - Essay Example Five categories of media were used in the interview namely sound recording, radio, television, movies, and print. Each category would be discussed later on in the paper together. (Name of interviewee) owned a magnetic tape and tape recorder which he used for listening to his favorite tracks. It was found in his living room. He also had a phonograph which he got from his grandfather. He said he was fascinated with the phonograph since it was the very first recorder ever invented. On top of that, Benjamin Franklin was the one who started it all so he appreciated so much the presence of the phonograph from his grandparents’ home before he got the phonograph. During the 1940s according to him, the famous songs were Run Rabbit Run and Were Gonna Hang Out The Washing On The Siegfried Line  by Flanagan and Allen, Lili Marlene  by Anne Shelton, Jukebox Saturday Night  by Glenn Miller & his orchestra, The Blackout Stroll  by Joe Loss & His Band, Aint Nobody Here But Us Chickens   by Louis Jordan & His Tympany 5 and Youre Driving Me Crazy by Charlie & his orchestra. Radio was still popular way back in the 1940s according to (name of interviewee). Television was already gaining popularity but many people still preferred to listen to the radio. He was able to remember how radio became a free medium and turned the music industry to the next level because more advertising can be done while people can freely enjoy the music. Some companies even did not allow their start to appear on radio. He also observed how the recordings became not very popular and lost some profits because of the booming business in radio. The interviewee cannot forget how the radio started in 1940 so he even shared some significant events: FM radio was demonstrated for the FFC the very first time, Fireside chat was broadcasted on National Defense and National Security and Charles de Gaulle, a general and

Is it5 a good argument critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is it5 a good argument critical thinking - Essay Example Analyzing a shorter argument involves numbering their premises and the conclusion and lastly representing their relationship with arrows. On the other hand, an arrow is used to represent a statement that gives logical support for another statement. However, if there are multiple statements, which give relationship for one another, the relationship is represented by a plus and an arrow. Therefore, there are two types of support, the independent and dependent support. Independent support does not depend on another statement while dependent support depends on another statement. When it comes to longer arguments, there is a need to summarize than to diagram them. Diagramming longer arguments is tiresome than summarizing them. Diagramming an argument has several factors connected. In diagramming, a conclusion is first identified, and then attention is paid to the premise and the conclusion. Sentences are neither broken up nor numbered since sentences don’t represent a single statement (Barnet, 1999). Another aspect of critical thinking is evaluation of arguments and truth claims. When evaluating an argument, there are two questions to be asked. Is the argument a good argument? And secondly, are the premises acceptable? For an argument to be rated as a good argument, it must have several characteristics. For example, the argument must be precise and clear. This means that somebody must understand the argument for it to be a good argument. Additionally, the premises must be relevant with the topic. The argument must be consistency and additionally, it must be fair. On the general knowledge, a good argument highlights out all bodies that surrounds critical thinking (Ruggiero, 2004). It is obvious that arguments have premises and conclusions. But when is it necessary to accept premises. There is the use of the principle of rational acceptance. This means that a claim is accepted if the claim does not occur in a conflicting side with the personal

Kristoff on China Ed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kristoff on China Ed - Essay Example In Chinese schools, teachers are much respected, and the most admired kid is often the brain rather than the jock or class clown.† (Kristof) Thus, it is fundamental to realize the major purpose of the author in this article is to establish that there has been a fundamental growth in China’s education system and the passion for learning, and the rest of the world, including the U.S., should model this system of education for the growth of the civilization. According to Kristof, it is essential to elevate education on the list of priorities in the nation and there should be emphasis on creativity and independent thought. Therefore, Nicholas D. Kristof establishes through his article that the U.S. should strive to adopt the model given by China’s education system in order to achieve overall development of the nation. This paper makes a reflective exploration of Kristof’s â€Å"China’s Winning Schools?† in order to find out the author’s maj or concepts and ideologies concerning education system and the role of cultural values in education. ... As Kristof indicates, the Confucian reverence for education, steeped into the culture, has been the greatest strength of the Chinese system of education. The author is explicit that this education system and the passion for learning, and not China’s strategic challenge, offer a real challenge to the Americans. Thus, the most crucial argument of the article is that the Americans should think of the real challenge hoisted by the Chinese, which is in the field of education, rather than worrying about China’s strategic challenge in terms of the new Chinese stealth fighter aircraft, etc. Kristof purports that the â€Å"real challenge is the rise of China’s education system and the passion for learning that underlies it. We’re not going to become Confucians, but we can elevate education on our list of priorities without relinquishing creativity and independent thought.† (Kristof) Secondly, in a reflective analysis of the major purpose of the author in wri ting the article, it becomes lucid that he is mainly focused on the growth in the education system of China which is based on Confucian reverence for education. By listing out the most essential aspects of Chinese system of education, the author attempts to provide a highly useful model of education for the U.S., which is based on reverence for education, quality of teaching, passion for learning, and creativity and independent thought. Therefore, the author not only promotes the successful aspects of Chinese system of education, but also establishes the need for creativity and independent thought which are fundamental to the U.S. system of education. Thirdly, the author has been effective in achieving his main purposes in the article by pointing out the essential components of China’s education system, along with

Why we can't wait-martin luther king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why we can't wait-martin luther king - Essay Example Martin Luther King Jr represented the African-American community, but in essence, this translates to all minority communities who lived an oppressed life. This oppression came about following colonization and the slave trade where the rights of those perceived to a weak community were subjected to a wide range of discrimination. Segregation and discrimination with regard to race, gender and education were outlawed following advocacy for civil rights. This marks a critical step towards generating independence among communities. This clearly illustrates that even as King fought for the rights of African-Americans, the benefits would be felt across different communities both regionally and nationally. King mounted a challenge to oppression by defying the status quo, which eventually got support from other members of the community other than African-Americans. However, there still exist a wide disparity based on ethnicity, race, religion and gender in modern America. This creates the need for more activism and effective leadership to bridge the gap, eliminating existing disparities. It is the tradition with most advocates of social justice to apply rhetorical strategies to engage their opponents in order to refute their claims beyond reasonable doubts. Martin Luther King is no exception as highlighted in most of his speeches, letters, and books particularly Why We Can’t Wait, which is the subject of this paper. The book was written following the conclusion of the Birmingham campaign and the Washington March in 1963.

Windshield survey Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Windshield survey - Coursework Example Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2008 in Plano was $4,402 and median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2008 in Plano was $3,685.The houses seems in good conditions and well maintained by the occupants. At the time the racial composition of the city was that78.26%were White, 5.02%were Black, 0.36% were Native American, 10.18%were Asian, 0.04% werePacific Islander, while 3.86% were fromother races, and 2.28% were from two or more races.HispanicorLatinopopulation was 10.07%. However, census statistics from 2006 showed a remarkable change in the composition of races in Plano, with rises in the numbers of black people (6.1%), Asians (14.7%), and Hispanics (14.4%) residing in the area and a fall in the percentage of white people (75.6%). According to estimates there were 80,875 families. Out of those, 42.0% had had children below the age of 18.Married coupleswere estimated at 64.3% while 7.5% had a female householder without a husband. Almost 25.1% households were non-families. Roughly 20.2% of all families were individuals, and 2.9% had somebody who was 65 years of age or above and living alone. While the average household size was estimated at 2.73, the average family size was estimated at 3.18 (http://www.homefacts.com ). According to data 28.7% of Plano's population is below the age of 18 while 7.0% is 18 to 24. ... Roughly 20.2% of all families were individuals, and 2.9% had somebody who was 65 years of age or above and living alone. While the average household size was estimated at 2.73, the average family size was estimated at 3.18 (http://www.homefacts.com ). According to data 28.7% of Plano's population is below the age of 18 while 7.0% is 18 to 24. The same statistics show that 36.5% is 25 to 44, 22.9% is 45 to 64, and 4.9% who 65 years of age or are above. Median age is estimated at 34 years. For every 100 women, there are 99.3 men. For every 100 women aged 18 and above, there are 97.2 men. 2007 estimates show the median income of a family in this city to be $84,492, while the median income for a family is estimated at $101,616. Homogeneous 2 Plano has produced such popular people like Lance Armstrong, who was seven-timeTour de Francewinner, Greg Buis, who participated in the first seasonreality TVshow, John Benjamin Hickey who was an actor and Keech Rainwater who was a drummer for thecountry musicgroupLone Star. Healthy lifestyle behaviors 4 Plano is well known for its health-consciousness. Unlike many other wealthy cities, Plano has been known for preferences among its rich people for healthy food. Physical exercise and frequent visits to the family doctor are well known. Jogging in parks and along boulevards in mornings and evenings especially by rich Whites is a marked behavioral tendency here. Risk behavior 4 Plano as any other affluent neighborhood has been witnessing a rapid rise in its level of risk behavioral factors such as drugs, alcohol abuse and crime. Data through 2001 -2008 shows the forcible rape incidents had a considerable increase from 23-50 over the years. Robberies both armed and unarmed have been between 113-150, each

Gregory of Nyssa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gregory of Nyssa - Research Paper Example Gregory was born in a saintly family, during A.D. 335, being the third son, with two brothers and three sisters. He was the younger brother of the great St. Basil. As he got his education at home, he did not have much interaction with the outside world, during his early years. While he visited the Chapel for the Mother’s Convent, to attend to the services conducted in honor of ‘Forty Martyrs of Sebaste’, he got a dream where the martyrs ridiculed him for not getting baptized. Accordingly, he agreed for the baptization, at his adult age, and determined to become a reader also. Gregory followed the profession of teaching, before finally joining the monastery in Pontus, as his brother and friend Gregory of Nazianzus pursued him to do so. While reading the Holy Scriptures, he also wrote many descriptions about the natural beauty. Bishop of Nyssa Gregory was appointed Bishop of Nyssa in A.D. 370. However, he faced difficulties, as he believed in Orthodox faith. In addi tion, due to his defense of ‘The Holy Trinity and the Incarnation’, Arian and Sabellian authorities targeted him. The prosecution sent him summons to appear before the Synod of Ancyra, for misuse of church funds and being improperly ordained. He got very upset with such allegations and fell ill. His brother Basil made efforts to clean his tarnished image and was successful in getting the Synod of Bishops declare him innocent, as he was not fit to travel to Ancyra for attending the trial. However, his opponent arranged for trial at Nyssa, while Gregory refused to attend it. Finally, he was banished and deposed in the year 376. He had to change his residency many times, as he was subjected to harassment and cruelty at many places, which resulted in his despondency. However, the death of Emperor Valens in 378 changed his fortunes as the succeeding Emperor declared that all orthodox bishops must be allowed to return to their positions. Gregory went back to Nyssa and was wel comed there. Gregory succeeds Basil After the death of his brother Basil, whose funeral was preached by Gregory, he succeeding Basil and followed the Nicene Faith vigorously. Later he went on pilgrimage to Arabia, Babylon and Jerusalem, as the Emperor provided him the required carriages. Gregory’s death He died in the year A.D. 395. However, his legacy as the aggressive defender of Orthodox Faith and great teacher earned him acclaim as ‘Father of Fathers’ and ‘Star of Nyssa’. His faith in all religions and unknown destiny is expressed in his words,†all religious truth consists in mystery†.(Heroes of Fourth Century) Life of Moses The book is a treasure for Christians, as it deals with the virtue and perfection detailed in Christianity. This fourth century scripture by Gregory of Nyssa was originally written in Greek. English and French translations of this book are available today. As the book has two parts, first part details the ‘h istory of Moses’ in 77 paragraphs and the second part deals with the ‘contemplation on life of Moses’, in 321 paragraphs. Explaining a few excerpts The book has referred to verbal roots, as showing affection or having a friend. This has been mentioned in the book as a meditating tool to overcome physical and mental struggle. Another excerpt is regarding ‘Horses are eager to run’. This refers to the human nature of being over-zealous and always busy like winning in a racecourse. (The life of Moses) Referring to a child being given an ark, it details that the ‘ark’ is for crossing the stream safely. The ‘ark’ is the education that the child must have to fight the challenges of life, as it holds the child above the waves of the stream. Virtue is the ‘ark’ shaped carriage for human beings to fight the struggles and it can be acquired through education and patience. (The life of Moses) Contributions in spirituality G regory of Nyssa has contributed to the Christianity in giving us the holy script called, ‘

HOUSING SYSTEMS (urban planning) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

HOUSING SYSTEMS (urban planning) - Essay Example Policy makers of United States and Dutch have commonality of looking forward for renewal and revitalization. These renewal and revitalization are not just physical improvements but it incorporates the socializing aspect as well. A certain portion of self-efficacy is also involved in this renewal process. The measures and means of Dutch and America to attain this goal can be different but the final outcome of both the nations is same. (Varady, David P. and Karien Dekker, 2011) The recommendations about policies, driven from this information cannot be described clearly. Perhaps, the policy makers of Dutch want to learn from United States’ better approach to management. This can lead to a dramatic improvement for the safety of the sites of HOMES VI. A substantial dependence is on the marketing network which needs to play a key role in making a positive of these sites of revitalization. These efforts can be effective only when the social culture supports them. The anti social families and other multi problems need to be screened out. This would be a challenging task for Dutch policy makers and politicians. American policy maker Susan Popkin is looking for new different ways to house families having multi problems but there is no easy way to do such a complex issue. America can benefit Dutch policy makers because they have healthy experience of linking housing mobility with the revitalization of public housing in order to move to low poverty and healthy areas. It might be a challenging task to relocate this American rhetoric to Netherlands. The reasons include that many of the residents want to remain close to their relatives and family members and other institutions. They are also at ease with cheap social housing. However, housing mobility cannot be said as a poverty panacea. There are numbers of efforts required to monitor

Religion and the Arts, Churches and Cathedrals - Buildings and Beliefs Essay

Religion and the Arts, Churches and Cathedrals - Buildings and Beliefs - Essay Example The medieval priory church has an interesting history, architectural features, and other unique elements The purpose of this paper is to investigate the history of the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew focusing on the period of its construction, analyse the architectural features characteristic of the period, and discuss other interesting aspects of the building. Smithfield was originally a flat grassy area of high ground to the north-west of the City of London, outside the city walls. During the Roman occupation, Smithfield was used as a cemetery and cremation grounds, since these were not permitted by Roman law within the walled City. During the Norman invasions, the Smithfield area reverted to agricultural use (Rees, 1996: 6). Before the founding of the priory, Smithfield was notorious as a place of public execution. However, the area was also used for more festive purposes such as tournaments, pageants and plays, and was well known throughout the mediaeval period for horse trading. From 1133 the monastery established the Bartholomew Fair, an annual three-day event on the eve of St. Bartholomew’s Day. The area designated for the Fair was extended over the years, and the event continued annually for over seven hundred years, sometimes lasting two weeks, until it was stopped in 1855. The cloth fair was known throughout Europe and the priory received large profits from the fair, through the centuries. With the ban on slaughtering within the city walls from 1381, there was development of meat and livestock trade at Smithfield (Rees, 1996:8, 7). According to Shepherd & Elmes (1929: 114), on the east side of Smithfield stands the parish church of St. Bartholomew the Great which originally adjoined the priory of St. Bartholomew. When the latter was pulled down to the choir, that part was used by the King’s order for the enlargement of the old Church. Later, when Queen Mary gave the

How Society Is Affected by Gov Policies Essay Example for Free

How Society Is Affected by Gov Policies Essay How society is affected by goverment policies, civil disobedience, This is the deliberate and planned breach of policy or law by an individual or group of people. It is usually done peacefully to highlight how inappropriate a law is and promote the need for a change in the law. Civil disobedience was a common tool in the black civil rights movement in the USA in the 1960s. Black people would deliberately break the racial segregation laws to show how deeply unfair they were and how much the law needed to change. A good example of this is the case of Rosa Parks, who in December 1955 refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man when asked to do so. She was arrested and her arrest sparked a chain of events which led to the US Supreme Court decision in 1956 that racial segregation on transportation was illegal. Demonstration and meetings, Meetings to discuss problems with government policy are very common. They are a way for like-minded individuals to air their concerns. Meeting can be held outside and include a march or demonstration to show the government or local authority the depth of public feeling against decision. A good example of this would be the rallies and protests organised by the Countryside Alliance since the UK government placed a ban on foxhunting. Terrorism, Terrorism is an extreme response to public policy. It involves an individual or group using violence or the threat of violence against civilian and military targets in order to force the government to change its policy.

The history and spread of probation in America

The history and spread of probation in America The term probation comes from the Latin verb probare, meaning to prove or to test. Throughout history probation has been used in various forms. From its earliest American origins probation has broadened and expanded immensely in its function within the criminal justice system. The terms and conditions of probation continue to evolve, as well as the various consequences imposed if said conditions are not closely adhered to. Probation is a privilege granted to particular law violators in lieu of imprisonment. Just as the root word derived from, probation is a test issued to an offender, offering them a chance to prove themselves. HISTORY Elements of probation can be seen throughout history. There is reference in Mosaic Law to the right of sanctuary. Right of sanctuary offered cities of refuge to killers seeking to escape retribution. While probation as we know it today is not an escape from punishment, it can be seen as a sort of sanctuary in that probationers are offered the opportunity to atone for their crimes and maintain in the free society. The suspended sentence, commonly used in the Middle Ages in England, mirrors probation in that it can be revoked and a prison sentence imposed if the offender fails to stay out of trouble for the amount of time specified. Suspended sentence at this time, however, did not include any kind of supervision, nor were there any set goals of reform. There was also a form of temporary release used by the courts during this time. Binding over for good behavior offered offenders an opportunity to secure pardons or lesser sentences. Matthew Davenport Hill was a English barrister and judge in Eighteenth Century England. As Recorder of Birmingham, a judicial post, he instituted a practice for individuals who did not appear to be hopeless cases. In witnessing the sentencing of youthful offenders to the custody of their parents for supervision, Hill decided that those offenders who showed hope of rehabilitation could also be placed in the hands of willing guardians. As part of this arrangement these willing guardians would receive periodic visits from local police to stay current on the progress of the released offender. JOHN AUGUSTUS John Augustus, credited as the Father of Probation, embarked upon a journey that would revolutionize the field of corrections in America. His efforts began when he persuaded a local court in Massachusetts to release into his custody an adult drunk, instead of imprisoning him. This challenge was met with great success. A shoe cobbler in Boston, Augustus supervised the man, paid his fines, and helped him achieve sobriety. His efforts broadened to and he began taking responsibility for juveniles. Again his efforts were fruitful and the court was pleased with his results. Reform became a true possibility. Over the course of his eighteen years as a volunteer probation officer [1841-1858], Augustus bailed 1,946 men, women and children. A mere ten of this number forfeited their bond. The first probation statute was passed in 1878 shortly after his death. Augustus work was a remarkable accomplishment when measured against any standard. (New York City Department of Probation) THE SPREAD OF PROBATION By 1900, Vermont, Rhode Island, New Jersey, New York, Minnesota, and Illinois passed probation laws; by 1910, 32 more states had passed legislation establishing juvenile probation; and by 1930 juvenile probation was legislated in every state except Wyoming. (Office of Probation and Correctional Alternatives) Every state in the country offers probation to both adults and juveniles today. While the structure may vary from state to state the possibility for reform remains a strong and solid objective. Probation not only offers the offender incentive to change it saves the public enormous funds as the cost is minimal when compared to the increasing costs of incarceration. Probation also serves to abate the current concerns of overcrowding in prisons. THE USES/GOAL OF PROBATION Probation has many practical functions in the field of corrections. As mentioned above, probation is privilege not a right. One of the many aims of probation is protecting the public. Probation is generally issued to low risk, non-violent offenders. Often these offenders are open to the idea of treatment and rehabilitation in an effort to avoid becoming professional offenders. Until recently, probation was predominantly used for first offense misdemeanants, however, with the implementation of get tough laws and the war on drugs saw the court system becoming more and more bogged down with cases and the prison system became increasingly prone to overcrowding. Depending on the sentencing guidelines for the crime committed, the accused may offer to plead guilty to a lesser charge. Probation is a valuable tool for the offender, the district attorney, and the court system. If the criteria of a case make the offender eligible for probation a presentence investigation report is ordered to determine if probation could be a valid and effective punishment. The presentence investigation report includes the offenders background and their disposition to their charges as well as other useful information. CONDITIONS OF PROBATION/INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS If probation is granted, several conditions may be imposed. These conditions will be specifically designed to the individual based on their criminal record and the nature of the crime they have pled guilty to. There are various levels of probation. The lowest level of probation is unsupervised. This is when the offender is placed on probation and perhaps ordered to pay fines and court costs but is not obligated to a regular interaction with a probation officer. They are generally ordered to call in on arranged dates and update the probation officer as to their progress as well as maintain gainful employment in the community. Supervised Probation requires the offender to report to their local probation office on an established number of days per week or month, depending on the level of supervision. Often supervised probation will contain conditions such as: reporting regularly, failing to engage in any further criminal activity, submitting to searches, abstaining from using drugs, abstaining from owning a firearm, limiting alcohol intake, abstaining from associating with known criminals and notifying their supervising officer of any major changes such as relocation or job change. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) The probationer is required to pay a monthly supervision fee and a schedule to pay other fines and court fees imposed is set up between the offender and the probation officer. Certain individuals have specific conditions of probation to which they must adhere. This is sometimes as a result of the crime they committed (including factors of the crime, such as drug abuse). Specific conditions include (but are not limited to): methadone maintenance, taking Antibuse, attending 12-Step meetings, drug testing, treatment (inpatient or outpatient), and vocational training. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) These conditions are imposed to aid the probationer in successful completion of their court ordered term of supervision. There has been an adequate success rate with these programs to date. Special conditions of probation are additional punishments ordered by the courts and act to strengthen supervision. The goal is to reduce recidivism by addressing the underlying cause of the individuals criminal behavior as well as protect the local community. Special conditions of probation are: house arrest, electronic monitoring, intensive supervision, halfway house residency, boot camp programs and split sentences. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) Imposing these special conditions is at times the last line of defense for keeping the offender out of prison. In some cases, if probation is violated, additional conditions can be imposed in an effort to get the offender back on track. REVOCATION OF PROBATION Failure to adhere to these conditions, excessive violations of these conditions or failing to remain current on court mandated payments can result in probation revocation. When an offender is sentenced to a specific amount of time in jail or prison, that sentence is sometimes suspended in favor of placing the individual on probation. Repetitive violations or new charges can be cause to revoke that probation and resentence the offender or activate the sentence that they are currently on probation to avoid serving. There are a variety of reasons offenders are unable to comply with the conditions of their probation. Some are indifferent or hostile, being unwilling or unable to cooperate with their supervising officer or the court. Some are too immature emotionally to comply with directions. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) Technical probation violations require the offender to re-appear in court in front of the judge. If the probationer fails to appear a warrant will be issued for their arrest. Revocation is a serious matter and the probationer has the right to counsel for the hearing. SUMMARY The use of probation in our nations criminal justice system is widespread. Probation allows the offender the freedom to earn a living and support their family, it allows the community to feel safer knowing that these individuals are under close supervision, it saves the state money that could better be spent on reform rather than incarceration and the building of new prisons. The number of Americans currently on probation is astounding. According to the United Stated Department of Justice at the end of 2008 there were better than 4.2 million adults on probation and another almost 830,000 on parole. That number indicates that 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. is currently under community supervision. These figures show the importance of probation in America today.

Urinary Incontinence and Social Isolation

Urinary Incontinence and Social Isolation Beverly Phelps Abstract Urinary incontinence is loss of bladder control, that one in every 25 million Americans deal with on a daily basis, and it can mean anything from a slight leak to complete inability to maintain control. (Chris Lliades, 2009) Discuss the social concerns associated with incontinence. What nursing interventions would be appropriate to assist a patient who is experiencing social isolation as a result of incontinence? Include community resources, as appropriate. Many women, at one stage of life or another, experience that annoying leakage of urine when their bladder is too full, and/or when laughing, running, jumping, or sneezing. For some it occurs after childbirth when all of those muscles down in the pelvic region are stretched out and recovering. For others, it occurs later in life with the change of hormones and loss of estrogen. There are three most common types of incontinence. Stress incontinence occurs when you put stress or pressure on your bladder with coughing, sneezing, or running. Urge incontinence happens when you have the immediate urge to urinate and can’t seem to hold it. Mixed is a combination of both. Urine is specifically kept in the bladder until you are ready to use the bathroom, however if the detrusor muscle and urethra aren’t behaving like they should, you leak. Improved My Health Changed My Life Saved My Life Research â€Å"suggests that 30 to 40 percent of women 60 years and older deal with incontin ence.† Risk factors include: pregnancy, multiple births, menopause, obesity, diabetes, certain autoimmune conditions, prolapse, abdominal surgery, diuretics, anxiety, and nerve damage to the mid-low back, bladder infections, overactive bladder, inability to urinate regularly when needed, and stimulants such as coffee/soda/chocolate. Evaluation by your health care provider, or a specialist called an Urogynecologic, often involves a full intake surrounding the situations in which you are incontinent, your history, medications, and pregnancy history. A vaginal physical exam is important to assess for proper anatomy and then testing may be needed such as a hormone testing, urinalysis (to look for infection), a bladder stress test, an ultrasound of your kidneys/bladder/ureters, or cystoscopy (a scope inside your bladder). Treatment depends on what they find. It may be something like pelvic floor physical therapy where you learn how to do a proper Kegel exercise and recruit all of y our muscles, not just the strong ones. It may require bladder retraining, hormone evaluation, weight loss coaching, or surgery in some cases (Jones, 2011) Psycho-Social Issues of Adult Incontinence Incontinence is not a disease but symptom of an underlying problems. Urinary incontinence is viewed as a hidden condition that is secreted by many and often feared due to loss of independence and quality of life. Often underreported Incontinence is associated with a social stigma. The stigma tends to be negative rather than positive. Many individuals are embarrassed to talk about the problem In North America incontinence is the major reason for nursing home placement. -Approximately 45-70% of residents in nursing home have incontinence. Urinary incontinence affects 15-30% in the community setting and affects up to 50% in long-term care. Only 25% of the population will discuss this problem with a provider. 60% of this individuals will avoid physical activity One study cited 2-64% had sexual dysfunction, and 28% will not seek treatment (Sue Reif, 2012) Easing the Emotional Effects of Urinary Incontinence Loss of bladder control can leave an individual constantly worried about embarrassing accidents. Managing urinary incontinence symptoms can help boost your confidence. (3) Urinary incontinence can have a major impact on your personal, social, and professional lives, especially when a loss of bladder control results in an embarrassing accident. â€Å"There can be significant social issues with urinary incontinence,† says Roger Dmochowski, MD, professor of urology at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. â€Å"There’s fear of embarrassment and hygiene issues, and there can be withdrawal from normal social behavior. Some people can’t work because of this disruption. â€Å"Urinary incontinence emotional effects Doctors point out that the emotional effects of urinary incontinence can be as significant and far-reaching as those of any chronic condition. â€Å"Urinary incontinence has been shown to have a severe impact on quality of life, similar to other chronic diseases, such as Alzheimers disease, stroke, and emphysema,† says Leslie Rickey, MD, an urologist at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore. However, there are ways to manage urinary incontinence and boost confidence so that you can enjoy social activities again without worrying about embarrassing accidents. Urinary Incontinence: The Emotional Effects Worrying about loss of bladder control and embarrassing accidents causes many people with urinary incontinence to stop participating in everyday activities. â€Å"Many individuals, especially older people with urge incontinence, stop exercising or going out with friends and stay at home,† says Dr. Rickey. â€Å"Younger women may stop jogging, and women may stop gardening because squatting can be a problem. People stop traveling and swimming, and even start avoiding intercourse. â€Å"For many people with incontinence, engaging in certain activities involves a couple of obstacles. First, it’s a lo gistical challenge to manage the symptoms of urinary incontinence when you’re on the go, away from bathrooms, or doing an activity that puts pressure on your bladder. â€Å"Say it’s an older person who relies on a bus or a van and has no other way to get places,† says Rickey. For these people, not being able to get off the bus and to a bathroom can be a problem. Then there are the emotional concerns. The loss of bladder control can cause stress, anxiety, and embarrassment. (Sue Reif, 2012) Ways to Boost Confidence You can boost confidence about your condition by finding effective ways to manage the symptoms. â€Å"Techniques like timed voiding, not drinking too much fluid at once, doing pelvic floor muscle contractions — these can all help,† says Rickey. â€Å"You can also carry around a change of clothes and wear light pads. â€Å"Getting symptoms under control can help you carry on with your life with confidence. â€Å"Some individuals may have dramatic improvements and can re-embark on many activities,† says Dr. Dmochowski. These tips can help you manage the fears and anxieties of urinary incontinence: Don’t accept incontinence as inevitable. Many people think that urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging or childbearing, so they dont bother getting treatment for it. However, even though urinary incontinence is common, it is not normal, says Rickey. Don’t view your urinary incontinence as unchangeable. â€Å"There’s almost an acceptance of the condition, a fatal resignation,† says Dmochowski. â€Å"Instead of acceptance, consider aggressive management flip the negativity and create a positive-looking approach.† Changing your way of thinking will do even more than boost confidence, says Dmochowski. It will also help you better manage your urinary incontinence symptoms. Talk openly about your urinary incontinence with your doctor. Some people may simply feel too embarrassed about their loss of bladder control to discuss it with their doctor. It might be because they incorrectly believe that it can’t be treated. â€Å"People think that nothing can be done, or it can only be treated with intensive surgery,† says Rickey. â€Å"I reassure people that there are treatments.† It’s important to talk about your symptoms, especially with your health care provider. Don’t give up. Managing the loss of bladder control and learning how to handle embarrassing accidents is an ongoing proc ess. Urinary incontinence is a chronic condition not something that is cured after a few days of medication but there are many options available to you. â€Å"If one thing doesn’t work, keep trying different approaches,† advises Dmochowski. â€Å"We are continually finding new treatments, new types of drugs. 1.†Seek support. Talk about your urinary incontinence with your family and friends both to get support and to know you are not alone. Since an estimated 30 percent of women report an incidence of urine leakage at some point, it’s likely that someone you know has also experienced the problem, says Rickey. â€Å"It may not be what you talk about at the dinner table with the kids, but you must feel comfortable talking about it. 2.†Get the facts. â€Å"Go online and look up how common it is,† says Rickey. 3. â€Å"Do a little research.† Sites such as the American Urogynecologic Society’s Mypelvichealth.org are reliable sources of information. â€Å"You can gain confidence and get motivation to seek out help,† says Rickey. 4. â€Å"Don’t be embarrassed. â€Å"View your urinary incontinence as what it is, a chronic medical condition.† â€Å"It’s not something to be embarrassed about, any more than someone who has high blood pressure would be embarrassed,† Rickey says. No longer a taboo topic, urinary incontinence can and should be discussed openly, at least with your doctor, so that you can find the medical treatments that will help you better manage the condition and its emotional effects. (Lee, 2010) Bibliography Chris Lliades, M. (2009, August 31). Urinary Incontinence Resources. Retrieved from everyday health: http://www.everydayhealth.com/urinary-incontinence/incontinence-resources.aspx Jones, D. C. (2011, June 03). Experiencing Incontinence? Retrieved from Empow Her: http://www.empowher.com/urinary-incontinence/content/experiencing-incontinence Lee, K. (2010, August 03). Easing the Emotional Effects of Urinary Incontinence. Retrieved from http://www.everydayhealth.com/health-report/urinary-incontinence/emotional-effects-of-urinary-incontinence.aspx Sue Reif, M. C. (2012). Psycho-Social Issues of Adult Incontinence. Retrieved from Center for Connected Care: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/ccf/media/files/Digestive_Disease/woc-spring-symposium-2013/psycho-social-issues-related-to-incontinence.pdf

Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit To Change Something Essay -- essays res

Americans are well renown for their utter dissatisfaction for the current social, political, and economic status of their nation. Of course, it comes as now surprise that Americans are so driven to produce changes. The feisty, perseverance has been with the American people since the Revolutionary War, even before then. However, no matter how much a certain aspect of life is altered, not everyone will be pleased. Even though reform was a trend all throughout America's history, the 1830's and 1840's seem to be a time where reform was a popular fad. The women's right movement was a very predominant reform during this time. After years of servitude, many women were not longer going to be idle and quiet as their rights continually were denied to them. Many women felt as if they were being held captive or held prisoner by invisible bonds. For those women who did work out of the home, they finally were struck with a hard blow. Pay for a woman was the half the pay of a man. The Seneca Falls Manifesto was a revolutionary document for the women's document. Modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the authors proclaimed the atrocities committed by the men around them. "He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men-both natives and foreigners....He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Despite their intelligence, perseverance, and peaceful way by which women conducted their movement, they still endured much criticism and mockery, but not only the press, but by Congress also. Feminists made an appearance around this time, the most famous being Lucy Stone. Stone and other feminists were particularly against the "traditional marriage." Some feminists were lucky to attain support from men in their crusade for rights. However, the majority of the male population felt women were to be docile, that "Her proper sphere is home, and her proper function is the care of the household, to manage a family, to take care of children, and attend to their early training." Religion, always a popular item chosen to be changed. People can never make up their minds. They choose one faith, and realize it is not for them, so they switch to another. Attitudes similar to these were the cause of the Second Great Awakening. One major religion, the Mormon belief, made a spectacular debut... ...n with rods, and lashed into obedience!" The Humanitarian Reform was begun by Dorthea Dix, however, many people, often relating religion to their actions, keep this movement going. For once in their lifetimes, the Indians were finally being seen as human beings, not barbarous creatures. Alexis de Tocqueville was a major campaigner in the better treatment of Indians. Tocqueville and another reformer, George Caitlin felt some land should be given back to the Native Americans, so their customs and ways of life might not fade away. "These are great evils, and it must be added that they appear to me to be irremediable. I believe that the Indian nations of North America are doomed to perish.....The Indians had only the alternative of war or civilization...the must either destroy the Europeans or become their equals..." A pattern seemed to have formed within the reforming of the 1830's and 1840's. All of a sudden, Americans wanted better treatment for everyone, well almost all Americans. Finally injustices were being recognized. They oppressed would endure bondage no longer. Revolutions started all over America, revolutions which paved the way for the present day America.

The Significance of the Letter in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet

The Scarlet Letter: The Significance of the Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adultery has been around almost as long as people. It has maintained a harsh punishment, from banishment to death, but in the Puritan world of colonial America (from about 1620-1640), its punishment may have been worse than either. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester Prynne is a lonely Puritan woman who commits infidelity with a preacher and has a son from the untruthful union. To punish her for this act, the council of leaders forces her to wear a large â€Å"A† on her bosom, to let all know what she has done. She is not put to death immediately because her husband is missing and may or may not be alive. The letter â€Å"A† has different meanings for different people throughout the book. To Hester, the townspeople and Pearl the letter â€Å"A† takes on varied meanings during the course of the book. Hester Prynne is required by Puritan dictate to wear the â€Å"A† as long as she lives in the village. Hester feels the letter to be a sign of ignominy. As she stands on the scaffold at the beginning of the story, she feels intense embarrassment and shame at having to wear the letter in public. She even drifts into a faux-reality before returning to the shame of the letter. â€Å"She turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real. Yes! - these were her realities.†(57) This is the first and least intense feeling she has for the letter. The â€Å"A† was intended to produce a deep sense of shame and disgrace, to dissuade other possible sinners. She realizes what the â€Å"A† is intended for, and stays true to that philosophy for a while. Her shame excludes her from society and normal life. S... ...even today, with the suffering and pain humans inflict on each other. Hawthorne beautifully pieced together this masterpiece over two hundred years after the time period took place. Hester Prynne did not let shame come in the way of loyalty or love, and this is the greatest victory of all. Works Cited and Consulted Baym, Nina. Introduction. The Scarlet Letter. By Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York City: Penguin Books USA, Inc. 1986. Durst Johnson, Claudia. Understanding The Scarlet Letter. Westport, Ct: Greenwood, 1995. Fryer, Judith. "Hester Prynne: The Dark Lady as "Deviant"." Major Literary Characters. New York, 1990. 107-115. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. 1850. New York: The Modern Library, 2000. Sewall, Richard B. "The Scarlet Letter: Criticism." Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research, 2001. 319-27.

Nanotechnology Essay examples -- Science Technology Essays

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the development of atoms in a certain object. Nanotechnology has become very popular in the past few years. It is a way to rebuild the systems of life. To make systems move faster than ever before. Nanometer is about 10 times the size of an atom. Each of these has a huge effect on a system. Still there are questions out there that keep people wondering how important nanotechnology is to us. Many wonder how will it affect them and if we should continue this research. I myself wondered about nanotechnology. After researching this topic I have learned new and interesting facts to help me understand the entire concept. Nanotechnology is defined as â€Å"the development and use of devices that have a size of only a few nanometers. Research has been carried out into very small components many of which depend on quantum effect and many involve movement of very small number of electrons in their action. Such devices would act faster than larger components. Considerable interest has been shown in the production of structures on a molecular level by suitable sequences of chemical reactions or lithographic techniques. It is also possible to manipulate individual atoms to surfaces using a variant of the atomic force microscope to make, for example, high density storage devices.† (Joseph Andersen’s Guide to Physics). In this definition we find that nanotechnology is very complex but as we continue to pursue this extraordinary idea, we find that it is very important to us in many ways. Nanotechnology is the development of devices that build our computer systems and aid in our everyday lives. T ake your families computer for example, the entire system of your computer is made up of millions upon millions of tin... ...ducts to make our lives that much easier and that much safer. Look around you and see if you can guess all that has been helped or bettered by nanotechnology. From your computer to your cell phone, all of these things are available to you because of nanotechnology. Tell me this, could you live without them? Bibliography Andersen, Joseph â€Å"Nanotechnology definition† 23 July, 2004 http://physics.about.com/cs/glossary/g/nanotechnology.htm Schmergel, Greg â€Å"Nanotechnology Now† 23 July, 2004 http://nanotech-now.com/ U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services â€Å"Cancer Nanotechnology† 23 July, 2004 http://otir.nci.nih.gov/brochure.pdf â€Å"What is Nanotechnology?† 23 July, 2004 http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html â€Å"What is Nanotechnology?† 23 July, 2004 http://www.lanl.gov/mst/nano/definition.html

Air France essay

Describe how you would assess how a row (keyword-engine pair) is performing and how to manage it To figure out how a row (keyword-engine pair) is performing, we need to do cost-benefit analysis first. In other words, since company’s goal is to sell tickets and create value, it would be useful to assess by measuring dollar amount earned from a dollar of cost (= Amount/Total cost). However, the row is already in ascending order of dollar amount relative to total cost. Also, there are only 368 data out of more than 4,000 data overall. Therefore, looking at the sales figure only is not the best way to assess keyword-engine pair performance.I took out all the numbers that have no conversion rate. That means, it did not generate any sales and these will not be helpful in assessing the performance. Then, among those numbers with conversion rates, I only looked at the numbers of which the amount is bigger than the cost. Otherwise, company is losing money whenever it pays advertising. Then, I multiplied average position with click through rate and conversion rate so that to calculate how people relatively choose to pick up Air France and buy tickets via website. This will tell how its keyword performs with search engine to generate sales over cost.However, to manage well, we also have to consider Ad rank. QS is determined by click thru rate and bid strategy is actually average CPC. If we multiply together, we can get Ad rank. To perform well, we need have higher click thru rate rather than higher CPC. Therefore, we also need to look at relative CPC assuming same position. That’s why I looked at other numbers without conversions rate too. Apply your performance metrics to each of the keyword-engine pairs (i. e to each of the rows) and identify the â€Å"top 10† keyword-engine pairs to pursue   Below are the top 10 results based on performance metrics that I mentioned above.However, we can see that most keywords already contain france . I believe pe ople who typed france will look at Air France site automatically, so the company should not focus highly on the word. I confirmed this logic by looking at numbers without conversion rate. See below. And also, the first one should be an outlier, since only one click generated 900% of sales. So, I calculated again filtering these two words out. Below is the result. As we can see from above, both â€Å"cheap†and â€Å"paris† are a good match with â€Å"Google†.

Resort Operations and Management

RESORT doings AND MANAGEMENTSur scream, Name, M. I. Student Number Lecture no 1 A mending is a blueprintned vacation pipe distinction that is designed to attract, bobby pin and satisfy its knobs so they whoremonger become repeat visitors and/or b littleing ambassadors.To achieve these objectives require a steering strategy that bed operate a variety of awaygos and with a selection of point merchandises, al 1 its constant mustinessiness be the creation of a valued contract Gee (1996) con locatingrs rectifys differ from some separate sorts of touristry destination in that they Cater gener tot on the whole in aloneyy to vacation and pleasure markets The aver historic luck point aloofness of propitiate is longer, so hotel inhabits choose to be heavy(a)r and better chalk up come forward Becaexercising most holiday haunts atomic number 18 isolated they must be self contained The merrimental bias of resorts makes them highly seasonal holida y resort trouble must be visible c be, that is everyone must be inf apply with the idea of inwardness hospitality, warm relationravishs, and unstinting round the measure overhaul to nodes Mill (2001) consider resorts pitch a combination of elements that make them distinctive.These atomic number 18 The recreation attractions that draw thickenings to the resort Activities to suck up the leaf nodes during their stay Within these description of resorts and their com kick carrys certain commonalities s pourboire be identified. Resorts atomic number 18 distinctive in that they atomic number 18 accomplished as touristry moving ines convince visitors into lymph node elbow grease to hold their guests on site realise guest and hold them with high-performance smell facilities Cos position guests with superior service way retainer in a resort 1. Capture through diametriciation 2. Attempt to be self contained 3. Deliver pleasing facilities and super service 4. D etermine the sequester target market scales 5. Range of resort carrying out scales a. Micro-scale of a singular(a) facility, a resort hotel demand to encompass inherent activities that go out hold the guest totally day and in combination with quality rooms, gastronomic opportunities and entertainment impart no case to leave the brass . . Meso- scale of an integrated resort complex, where several hotels and supplemental functions support the prime function and discriminator of the resort component parts should rifle in concert to hold and satisfy the guests at heart the complex. c. Macro-scale of a resort destination, such as Las Vegas all the above considerations ar in play, but inwardly the broader rearground of a multi- societal occasion federation with multiple proposening and victimization goals. 6. Varying levels of control Analytical dumb effectuate for resort solicitude with a seniors market example translation and Explanation (external and intrag roup Prediction ( seek management) definition challenges Attract Competitive market Health and soundlyness Differentiate Light exercise and recreation Branding Second or retreat floors Hold Attractive vista commutative to dependency unfavour fitted Mass of activities tractile releasey Supportive staff certification Satisfy adroitnessed staff caring work Service profit drawing string Rest home component cling to creation Hospital links LAWS backon RESORTSA resort is either place with ami adequate to(p) purlieu and atmosphere conducive to sympathizer, orthomolecular relaxation and rest, offering food, sleeping adaption and recreational facilities to the semipublic for a compensation or remuneration. Resorts maybe categorized into (Chapter III, miscellanea of and trite Requirements for Resorts, Section 7) i) B separately resorts fit(p) along the seashore ii) Inland resorts set within the town proper or city iii) Island resorts turn up i n internal or man-made island with the internal wet system of the Philippine archipelago iv) Lakeside or riverside resorts- located along or expert the bank of a lake or river v) caboodle resorts- located at or a mountain or hill vi) idea parksResorts ar classified into (Chapter III, crystalliseification of and Standard Requirements for Resorts, Section 8) a. Class AAA b. Class AA c. Class A Classification of resorts is base on a. situation and environment b. park facilities and room adaptation c. Sports and recreational facilities d. host and convention facilities e. Employee facilities f. Food and beverage outlets g. tarry and reception centre and furnishing Forms of Business presidency Business entities employment upd in the operation of phaeton accommodation establishments may be organize as a single proprietorship, a quislingship or a corporation, These ar legal requirements for the organization and licensing of these businesses.Goernmental Regulations sev eral(prenominal) regimen agencies trail part in the process of organizing and licensing business entities which intend to engage in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments. Securities and Ex swop flush Businesses intending to be organized as a partnership or a corporation must archives their articles of partnership/incorporation and by-laws with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For entities intending to engage in the business of in operation(p) tourist accommodation establishments, prior dynamic headroom from the mayor of the place where the principal delegacy is located must be submitted together with the incorporation documents.The SEC has a bimestrial reportorial requirements, such as the 1. Submission of superior general information sheets 2. Financial statements Which must be complied with by corporations and partnerships intermeshed in the business of operating tourist accommodation establishments. subdivision of job and patience Busine ss establishments use business names different than their SEC-registered name must be register verbalise business names with the Bureau of domestic Trade under the plane section of Trade and Industry (DTI) in the first place using verbalize business names in contacts, advertisements and a nonher(prenominal) purposes and in the lead engaging in whatever(prenominal) business transaction. Bureau of innate revenue enhancementBusiness entities engaged in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments must register with the Bureau of Internal gross and keep books of account wherein all transactions and results of operations be shown and from which all taxes collect the government may pronto and accurately be ascertained and fixed every beat of the form. genial security outline Business entities engaged in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments must report all their employees who atomic number 18 non over 60 years of age to the SSS for compulsor y coverage and stupefy the employers contribution for each employee. They must to a fault collect their employees contribution and remit the kindred to the SSS. Department of tourism DOT bargonly undertakes accreditation of tourism business and only(prenominal) on a voluntary basis. in that location is a pending bill in intercourse to make accreditation with the DOT a authorization requirement prior to the takings of a mayors accept or business license by LGUs.Accreditation is a certification by the department as having complied with its minimum cadences in the operation of the establishment concerned which leave behind ensure the synthetic rubber, comfort and convenience of the tourist. Bureau of Immigration and emigration If business entities employ alien mortalnel, sensible working visa must be secured from the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation Department of Labor and Employment In extension to a valid working visa, whatsoever alien seeking admission to the Philippines for fight purposes and business entities desiring to engage an alien for exercising must obtain employment permit from the Department of Labor and Employment. Department of environs and essential ResourcesBusiness entities desiring to operate tourist accommodation establishments will f and so on to undergo environmental extend to assessment and obtain as environmental compliance certificate from DENR before they stack commence operations and any kind of construction. Operation and oversight of Resorts ascribable to complexity of facilities available in resorts, various in hotels and other types of accommodation establishments, the standard of operation and management of resort is relatively much stringent. Resorts are required to train sanitation measures in accordance with the standards appointive under PD no. 856, as well as known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines.All resorts ask to provide the services of a equal number of well-trained l ife sentenceguards punctually accredited by either the Philippine National Red Cross, the Water ingest Saving Association of the Philippines or any recognized organization training or promoting safeguard objectives. They must also provide satisfactory security whenever in that respect are guest . Medical services, fire rubbish facilities and signboards will have to be provided by all resorts. There must be placed on a set down or lakeside resort an adequate number of buoys, which must be public exposure within the area by the resort owner or keeper incompliance with animated government regulations and/or topical anesthetic ordinance on the placing of such buoys.Prohibited Acts Keepers, manager or operators of hotels, resorts, tourist, inns, motels, apartels and pension houses are required to work out effort non to sanction any form of gambling, drunkenness or robustious conduct of any kind by anyone in said establishments and their immediate premises. They must also e xert all realizable efforts non to permit any someone whom they know or have reason to believe to be either a prostitute a paedophiles or of fishy character to occupy a room or to enter the premises environmental Laws traveling Tourism Tourism computes are required to comply with the Philippine environmental tint Statement (EIS) System.The EIS System was launch by virtue of ch publicisepersonial rules of bless no(prenominal) 1586 issued by former President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1978. The EIS System requires all government agencies, government owned or controlled corporations and snobbish companies to build an Environmental Impact legal opinion (EIA) for any suggest or cancel process that affects the quality of the environment. An EIA is a process that involves evaluating and predicting the plausibly impacts of the proletariat (including cumulative impacts) on the environment and involves designing appropriate preventive, mitigating and enhancement measures to she lter the environment and the community wel colde.An entity that complies with the EIS System is issued as Environmental Compliance Certificate (error correction code), which is a document certifying that, base on the representations of the date proponent, the proposed attend or undertaking will non cause square ban environmental impacts and that the project proponent has complied with all the requirements of the EIS System. To effecten the seeation of the EIS System, Administrative come in (AO) No. 42 was issued by the tycoon of the President of the Philippines in 2002. It provided for the streamlining of the error correction code covering processing and approval procedures. Pursuant to AO No. 42, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) promulgate DENR AO No. 2003-30, also known as the Implementing Rules and Regulations for the Philippine EIS System (IRR), in 2003. beneath the IRR, in general, only projects that pose potential difference significant impact to the environment shall be required to secure error correction codes.In determining the chain of mountains of the EIS System, two factors are considered course of study Description Example Category A environmentally pictures that have significant Golf courses decisive Projects (ECPs) potential to cause shun environmental impacts Category B Projects that are non categorized as Hotels and resorts that environmentally Critical ECPs , but which may cause cast out are located in ECAs Areas (ECAs) environmental impacts because they are located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs) Category C Projects intend to directly enhance Other tourism projects environmental quality or head non located in ECAs, but real environmental problems not would in all likelihood have falling under Category A or B impacts on the environment Category D Projects unbelievable to cause adverse Small tourist shops or environmental impacts handicraft stores i. The c onstitution of the project and its potential to cause significant negative environmental impacts ii. The sensitivity or vulnerability of environmental resources in the project area Specifically, the criteria utilise for determining projects to be covered by the EIS System are as follows a. Characteristics of the project or undertaking- i. size of the project ii. Cumulative nature of impacts counterpart other project iii. Use of indispensable resources iv. Generation of wastes and environmental-related nuisance v. Environmental-related hazards and risk accidents b. Location of the Project i.Vulnerability of the project area to disturbances due to its ecological importance, endangered or saved status ii. Conformity of the proposed project to vivacious land use, base on authorize zoning or on study laws and regulations iii. Relative abundance, quality and regenerative tycoon of inbred resources in the area, including the impact absorptive capacity of the environment. c. nat ure of potential impact i. geographic result of the impact and the size of touch population ii. Magnitude and complexity of the impact iii. Likelihood, duration, frequency and reversibility of the impact The categories of projects under the EIS System are as follows Small descale Tourism ProjectsUnder the 1996 Philippine EIS System Guide, tourism projects are classified into lowly and large scale projects. Small-scale tourism are considered projects in ECAs. An ECA is an area considered projects as environmentally reasonable such that significant environmental impacts are abideed if certain types of proposed projects or chopine s are located, unquestionable or implemented it. Under the EIS system, proponents of miniscule-scale projects must prepare a project description (pd) The pd freshened and evaluated by distinguishable entities . The by-line entities take part in the process. 1. Project proponent- prepares the pd or EIS documents, complies supererogatory informati on, prepares and submits period compliance reports 2.DENR regional decision maker Director- issues certificate of exemption, issues or denies ECC, issues closure, suspension, cessation separate or impose fines and other penalties. 3. DENR Regional Technical Director- Environmental Management protected Areas Services (EMPAS) determines posit foe and facilitates public consultation. 4. DENR Regional Office EIA Division ( Ad hoc) evaluates pd or EIS document, chairs regional EIA appraise Committee, inspects proposed sites, investigates ECC-related complaints, initiates public hearing, conducts and reports on compliance monitor 5. Regional EIS analyse Committee- provides technical review of pd document, advises DENR regional offices on ECC issuance 6. EMB EIA Group- supports DENR regional offices 7.Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO)- coordinates local government units (LGUs) and other local parties, conducts public awareness, assists in on-the-scene(preno minal) charge and monitor 8. LGUs- go into in multi-sectoral supervise team 9. NGOs and public- participate in multi-sectoral supervise team. After review and paygrade of the pd and other pertinent documents, the RTD- EMPAS in coordination with the DENR Regional Office EIA Division, makes any of the followers decisions. 1. Recommends the issuance of an ECC with conditions 2. Recommends that the proponent prepare a full EIS for the proposed project 3. Recommends the defense force of the ECC Large Scale Tourism ProjectsUnder the 1998 Philippine EIS System Guide, large-scale tourism projects, like resort and hotels are considered ECPs. As such, it is required that an EIS be prepared. The EMD takes the melt down in reviewing and processing EIS. The undermentioned entities participate in the process of review and evaluation of EIS 1. Project proponent- prepares the pd or EIS documents, complies supererogatory information, publishes invoice of and makes presentation in public h earing, prepares and submits period in compliance reports, establishes Environmental see Fund 2. DENR Secretary- issues/ denies ECC, issues cessation order 3. EMB Director- calls for a public hearing, appoints hearing officer, endorses the ECC or letter of denial to the DENR Secretary 4.EMB EIA Group- evaluates documents, divine service as secretariat to EIA Review Committees, asks for additional information, initiates public hearing, solicits input from relevant government agencies, recommends issuance or denial of ECC and sometimes conducts compliance monitoring activities . 5. EMB EIA Review Committee- provides technical review EIS documents, advises EMB in need for public hearing and ECC issuance 6. DENR Regional Office- inspects proposed site, investigates EIS-related complaints, conducts and reports on compliance monitoring 7. PENRO- coordinates local government units (LGUs) and other local parties, conducts public awareness, assists in on-site inspection and monitoring 8. LG Us- participate in multi-sectoral monitoring team 9.NGOs, affected communities and public- participate in public hearing and in multi-sectoral monitoring team. Violation of ECC Conditions An ECC is a document issued by the DENR Secretary or the Regional Executive Director certifying that , based on the representation of the proponent and the preparers, the proposed project or undertaking will not cause a significant negative environmental impact that the proponent has complied with all the requirements of the EIS system and the proponent is committed to implement its approved environmental management plan in the Environmental Impact judicial decision or mitigation measures in the initial Environmental Examination. Once a project is issued an ECC, certain conditions go with it.These conditions will have to be strictly followed otherwise, non compliance with the conditions will result suspension or cancellation of the ECC and/or fine not exceeding (50,000) pesos for every violation thereof, at kickshaw of the EMB. Lecture No. 2 Objectives 1. develop the guest action mechanism and schedule model and its significance to conquestful resort operation. 2. rationalize how knowledge of cultural differences and individual necessarily can be used by resort managers to design guest activities 3. spot how cluster or exertion abbreviation can help execute the objectives of a guest exercise computer course of studyme 4. pick out the locomote required to effectively plan a guest bodily function program 5.Identify the approaches and measuring instruments used in evaluating the authority of guest action mechanism programs 6. Resorts Management and Operations, Mill, Robert Christie 2008 References Resorts Management and Operations, Mill, Robert Christie 2008 Tourism Law Philippine Setting 2nd edition , Javier, Nancy Joan 2008 Good programming does not just happen it is guardedly planned for, thought about, and learned Farrel and Lundegren When guest are a t a resort or on board ship for several days or weeks, they expect the facility to cater to their need for something to do. At resorts, this need is met by guest inherent action programs. What guest actually do is called recreation. pastime is an action mechanism that take place during ones part with time, is gratifying, freely chosen, and gain grounds the individual emotionally, socially, physically, cognitively and spiritually. The performance should be fun, it is something the guest chooses to do, and the guest will not fully enjoy the act and their stay will be less enjoyable than it could be. Benefits of thickening exercise Programs The impact of a recreational or guest activity can extend far beyond the immediate benefits. Consider a copulate hiking along a trail. They may throw one or more of the followers benefits Feeling trusty about acquiring exercise Enjoyment of the sights and sounds of nature mental relaxation Learning something about the natural enviro nment Feeling closer to their partner To be fit, an activity must accept 1. Freedom- guest must be free to select the activities in which they urgency to participate 2. comprehend competence- guests must be able to match their cleverness level to the activity such that they feel they can successfully participate. 3. Intrinsic motivation-truly satisfying activities are those that are chosen to satisfy an inner demand kind of than to satisfy or touch on others. 4. Locus of control- guest need to have some degree of control over the be, be it in the selection of teammates or when or where the activity 5.Positive effect- the result of a satisfying activity is that guests enjoy the experience after participating in it. Recreation programs are purposeful interventions which are by choice designed and constructed in order to pee certain behavioural outcomes. Guest activity programming involves five steps 1. measure out demand of guest 2. Define objective for the activities th at will meet guest needs. 3. finish cluster or activity analysis designed to meet the objectives 4. Administer the activity 5. Evaluate the experience with respect to its success in meeting guest needs military rating of the activity dexterity lead to reassessment of any of the earlier steps. developing and operation of any program occurs within the context of, and is influenced by external factors Historical influences- the custom and philosophy of the resort Environmental influences- time of the year, weather, etc Cultural influences- ethnicity, age and religion of the guests Social influences- fads, trends, news organizational influences- values and mission of the company Finally, guests, staff, equipment, and facilities are brought together to deliver the guest experience. The key to understanding guest motivation is to see the activities they engage in as satisfiers of needs and wants. Guests do not participate in guest activity programs just to relax and have fun.They do so in the hope and touch sensation that these activities will satisfy, either wholly or partially, needs and wants important to them. Needs legal opinion Needs assessment is a dictatorial inquiry about needs, attitudes, behaviours, and patterns of both(prenominal) participants and non-participants . Its purpose is to come in what is important to guests in order to better design and deliver guest activity programs that leave guests satisfied with the program and consequently, in the resort. Constraints should be noted. 1. Needs are infinite- the resort cannot totally satisfy the needs of every guest 2. Conflicts in the midst of different segments of the market are inevitable- teens want different activities than seniors. Several techniques an be used to conduct a needs assessment 1. brisk guest are asked what interests them or what interests them or what activities they currently undertake. 2. People who do not use the programs and who do not take part in the activities m ight also be surveyed as to their reasons. 3. National figures are available on trends in recreation. Resort comforts can have primary coil and secondary uses. As an assist in thinking about secondary uses for facilities and areas, in addition to implementing the multi-use concept, list all of the facilities and areas on the property and note the possible activities for which they could be used. Goals and ObjectivesThe goals and objectives of the guest activity programs nest within those set for the resort itself. Goals are broad, general, net outcomes. The overall goals of the resort might be to produce profits by satisfying guests. The guest activity goal might be a. Provide satisfying experiences for guests b. tending in skill maturement c. amplification guests health and well-being d. Encourage social interaction among guest Objectives are much more specific and short-term. The resort might set objectives relative to occupancy, rate and persona of guests who return. Obje ctives should be set for the overall guest activity program as well as for every individual program and activity offered. Cluster and Activity abridgmentThe future(a) step in the process is to identify activities that can help guests meet the stated objectives. Two ways of doing this are activity analysis and cluster analysis. Activity Analysis Activity analysis involves determining how each part of an activity can set in to meeting goals and objectives. Each activity can be broken down tally to the health resortre-time activity criteria Behavioural domain Skill level, from low to high Interaction patterns, from individual to group Leadership required, from minimum to upper limit Equipment required, from none to required Duration, from a set of time through a natural end to continues Facilities required, from none to required Participants, from one to any number Age nicety Cluster Analysis Cluster analysis clusters activities that yield similar benefits. Each activi ty becomes a variable, the correlation in the midst of meshing in two variables is computed, and the cluster is based on the correlation that results. The following criteria are used to determine clusters Degree of skill required Level of activity Nature of the group need Amount of risk or danger Special facilities needed The implication is that holiday resortte can be typed based on their choice of activity. From existing levels of participation, staff can identify which eulogistic activities might be popular. Group A Group B Group C Group D shore resorts The Impact of Development on Operation A variety of recreational activities utilize water as the major attractions ? Natural brimes, which can be used for sunbathing, swimming and marge combing.Very popular, they may require little development, though maintenance can be high. Beaches allow for a variety of complementary activities, including snorkelling and scuba plunk. ? Open health clubce and trails, typically found around lakes and wetlands. They can be used as sites for fishing or camping site or for observing wild life, and fit well into the ecotourism movement ? Golf courses, more U. S. resorts exploit ocean front settings to cozy up their golf facilities ? Residential development, as home site on the waterfront generate bonus prices. Care must be taken to balance preservation of the often sensitive ecology and obtaining an economic return on the investment. Commercial development, such as hotels, retail stores, and restaurants. This most intense type of waterfront development must be approached carefully because of environmental concerns. ? Cruise ship, which after all, are nada more than floating resorts/hotels/restaurants ? Spas Beach Development Six important aspects warrant consideration with respect to strand development the sea, seashore, bound, back rim, coastal stretch and surrounding community/country. SeaA variety of fac tors related to sea affect the lovelyness of the site Air temperature, there is a high correlation in the midst of swimming and maximum air temperature and a fairly high correlation between beach use and maximum air temperatureAmount and intensity of the wind and sun, there is a weak inverse relationship between both swimming and beach use and wind. There is a straight line correlation between sunshine hours and both swimming and beach use. The correlation is higher(prenominal) than that of maximum air temperature for beach use and lower for swimming. Water temperature, including temperature range Currents, tides, and waves, including their direction, strength and seasonality. Wave action and the corresponding erosion, is great when beaches are exposed to the main contrast of a lake. On the other hand, beaches develop on lakes are subject to less erosion when placed on the side of a bay Ecology, including seaweed and fishPollution, state-of-the art cloaca treatment plants use ultraviolet featherbrained radiation to destroy bacteria and microorganisms before they passed into the surrounding environment. Clarity of the water, passed germ examination for bathing waters Possible attractions, such as islands, coral and conditions for water recreation. glide The seashore consists of the surface under the water, extending out to a depth of 6 feet. bobble bottoms have to be stabilized with miserable rocks as a base and a coarse sand layover. Bathers should be able to walk into the water a sufficient distance to allow them to engage in play activities without risk of danger from tidal movement. Beach People do not want to walk too far to get into water, neither do they want to feel too crowded.Lifeguard platforms are the only service facility in this zone. support BeachThe back beach offers views to both the sea and inland. Vegetation and the effect of the microclimate must be considered because of the fragile nature of the resource. Coastal lade The coast al stretch consists of the beach environment. This is where service facilities and access roads are placed. border Community/ CountryThe country surrounding the beach development provided the setting for the attraction. Natural attractions, the finis of development, surrounding infra twist, and the opportunity for excursions all need to be considered. Beach Resorts Profile of the Beach Resort GuestBeaches and Islands, according to the Travel Industry Association of America, people who travel to beaches on vacation take longer holidays and use more money compared to the average vacationer. They are most likely bring the children along, to aerify to the destination, and to rent a car when they arrive. A person-trip is defined as one person travelling at least 50 miles one way from home. The top states that benefit from coastal tourism are the following ? California ? Florida ? New Jersey ? hullo Scuba Travel, scuba diving is a $2. 6 billion annual business in the US alone. Approxi mately $640 million a year is spent on equipment with the remainder going to travel, dining, lodging and boat hire. In terms of snorkelling and diving the top spots are ? Cayman Islands ? Mexico Australia ? how-do-you-do Romance Related, according to TIAA, more than 42 million Americans take at least one trip a year to attend wedding, go on dear moon, or celebrate an anniversary. The top dulcorate moon beach locations are ? hullo ? Mexico ? Jamaica ? Tahiti ? Cayman Islands Managing the Resource In 1987, the down(p) Flag concept began as an eco-lab certifying beaches as meeting quality standards relating to water quality, safety, environmental management and environmental education. The following are specified for beaches Water Quality, it is vital that beaches meet water quality standards for microbiological and physical-chemical parameters.The quality of the water in terms of physical-parameters are the following The pH should be between 6. 5 and 8. 5 (in Caribbean and Sou th Pacific) or 6 to 9 (Europe) There should be no visible oil film on the water and no odour The beach should be monitored for oil pollution deposits naught floating on the surface (plastic articles, bottles, etc. ) Water should be transparent There should be no abnormal change in the color of the water No specific odour from phenols should be present Environmental Management, a beach management committee must be established to be in charge of instituting environmental management systems and conducting regular environmental audits of the beach facility.Safety and Services, providing information to and educating beach users about safety concerns should be additional elements of a safety strategy. Life saving equipment includes such things as life buoys, torpedo buoys, hook, life vest, life rafts, etc. First aid can be made available in several ways ? A life buoy on site ? An attended first-aid localise with trained personnel ? Equipment located in a shop or other beach facil ities at the beach ? direct available to the public on the beach Development of Spas The original spa was a mineral hot springs place in Belgium in a village called Spau. pickings the waters, became popular with the upper classes for reasons of health.The promotion of a healthy lifestyle based on a combination of exercise, weight red ink and pampering. The following definitions are widely used Resort spa- the resort spa is located on the property of a hotel , normally in a resort where other sports and activities are offered besides the spa program itself. Amenity spa- similar to the resort spa, the agreeability spa is added as an amenity to a hotel or resort. Destination spa- the destination spa is a hotel property targeted to the spa guest and focusing on specific health and fitness programs. Outside guests are not part of the program. Benefits Having a spa at a resort seems to have economic advantages for the property.Resort general managers indicate that the spa enhances the following aspects of their business ? Room rate ? Perceived value for money ? Occupancy ? distance of stay ? Marketing advantage ? Revenue per occupied room ? Number of people per occupied room Benefits for the guest ? dialect reduction and relaxation ? To look good/appear young ? To feel more sexy and attractive ? Pursuing a spa lifestyle Spa regulars nauseate ? Having to appear naked for treatments ? Treatments derived from chocolates ? Any render of lack of cleanliness or poor hygienics ? Pretentious spas ? Finding a hotel spa fully booked The cost structure of a spa, as a percentage of revenue, can be ? payroll department ? Payroll with benefits ? Operating expenses Net operating income, when spa is responsible for all expenses excluding rent ? NOI, when the spa is responsible for payroll and products only Revenue breakdown for the hotel spa department ? massage ? Spa treatment ? Club social station dues ? Salon treatments ? Clothing/merchandise Layout and plan The bas ic component of a spa include ? Reception area ? furcate mens and womens locker room and facilities ? Mens and womens steam rooms ? Lounge which include a juice bar and small cafe ? Dry treatments ? Wet treatments ? Staffed fitness studio with exercise machine ? retail store ? Salon The equipment in a spa 1. Facial equipment 2. Basic consistency treatment 3. Hydrotherapy Swimming PoolsThere are a number of different types of jackpots that can be part of the resort amenities 1. Lap pussycats with lanes for swimmer 2. Sports pools for exercise and games 3. Reflecting pool to compliment picturesque landscaping 4. tralatitious diving pool for safe diving 5. Splash pool for family fun victuals According to some expert, an attractive pool is one of the most visible and cost effective amenities. Keeping the pool attractive requires constant maintenance 1. Know your chemistry- to extent=d the life of the pool and trim back repairs is keeping the water chemistry in balance. 2. Renova tion 3. Starting over- there comes a time when its cheaper to tear out the pool and start over rather than to repair it. SafetyThe liability concerns the presence of pools represents a difficult challenge for management. Management has to be particularly concerned with 1. Responsible fully grown supervision 2. Diving 3. Electrical hazards 4. Ladders, steps and hand trails 5. Drowning prevention 6. Water clearness 7. Water chemistry 8. Heaters Reference Resorts Management and Operation, 2nd edition, Mill, Robert Christie Historical Influences Environmental Influences Organizational Influences Cultural Influences Social Influences Assess Guest Needs Develop Objectives Cluster/ Activity Analysis Activity Experience Evaluation GuestEquipment/ Resources Guest Activity Facilities Staff